In-mold coating injection inlet flow control

ABSTRACT

Molded articles or substrates having an in-mold coating thereon are disclosed. The in-mold coated substrates are produced by a method wherein the flow of the in-mold composition onto the substrate can be selectively controlled. The molded articles can be preferentially coated in desired or predetermined areas with in-mold coating compositions by controlling the thickness or depth of various sections of the substrate. The present invention provides a molded article with an area of increased relative thickness at the location of in-mold coating injection to encourage or promote in-mold coating flow.

CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/045,481, filed Oct. 22, 2001, entitled “Selectively Controlling In-Mold Coating Flow.”

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to a method for coating a molded article or thermoplastic substrate with an in-mold composition, wherein the flow and thus the thickness of the in-mold composition onto the substrate can be selectively controlled. Importantly, desired areas of molded articles can be preferentially coated with in-mold coating compositions by controlling the thickness or depth of various sections of the substrate. Advantageously, the method of the present invention can be utilized to mold articles of relatively complex shape or design which have an in-mold coating thereon having a uniform or desired appearance.

[0003] In one embodiment of the present invention, a molded article is provided with an area of increased relative thickness at the location of in-mold coating injection in order to encourage or promote in-mold coating flow. The area of increased relative thickness is readily compressible by the in-mold coating and desired controlled flow of in-mold coating across the surface of the substrate can be achieved.

[0004] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a molded article or substrate is provided with at least one runner section or preferred flow channel to promote in-mold coating flow over the surface of a substrate.

[0005] Still another embodiment of the present invention involves providing a molded article or substrate with an in-mold coating containment flange which acts as a barrier and prevents the in-mold coating from leaking or seeping off of the desired surface and out of the mold cavity. The in-mold coating containment flange extends substantially completely around the perimeter of a molded substrate surface where the in-mold coating has been applied thereto.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Molded thermoplastic and thermoset articles, such as those made from polyolefins, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyurethanes, are utilized in numerous applications including those for the automotive, marine, recreation, construction, office products, and outdoor equipment industries. For example, automotive industry applications include body panels, wheel covers, bumpers, head and tail lamps, fenders, hoods, and dashboards.

[0007] Use of the molded articles is not without problem, as the surface quality may not meet required standards, such as durability, chemical resistance, and weather resistance. In many instances, the molded thermoplastic articles may need to be coated to satisfy the above-noted requirements or to facilitate paint adhesion.

[0008] Countless methods have been developed to apply various coatings to the molded articles to improve the surface characteristics thereof.

[0009] Previously, molded work pieces were formed in a mold, the molded product removed, and a coating was then applied on the surface of the molded work piece by a coating process, such as a surface treatment, primer coating, top coating, painting, etc. Hence the foregoing methods required an additional step to achieve a finished surface on a work piece, i.e. treating the surface of the pre-formed work piece prior to applying a paint or coating. These methods required additional steps and increased costs of preparing the molded work piece surface.

[0010] It became desirable, therefore, to have a method by which a coating could be applied to a work piece in the mold, resulting in a coated work piece the surface of which would be finished and suitable for use as is in an end use application, or which would require less or no surface preparation treatment than heretofore utilized.

[0011] The application of in-mold coatings (IMC) to thermoplastic or thermoset materials to provide generally smooth surfaces, improve durability and other surface properties, and to reduce or eliminate substrate porosity is known. A number of in-mold coating methods have been employed for applying coatings, in compression molding methods or injection molding methods employing molding materials of thermosetting resins, such as SMC (sheet molding compound) and BMC (bulk molding compound) (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,076,788; 4,081,578; 4,331,735; 4,366,109; and 4,668,460).

[0012] Heretofore, the in-mold coatings which have been applied to molded articles typically covered the entire surface of the article. The coverage of the coating was controlled by only the amount of coating applied, such as in the case of an undershot, or the physical boundaries of the mold cavity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] An improved method for applying in-mold coatings has been developed, whereby molded articles can be preferentially coated in desired area, and depth of coating can be regulated by selectively controlling the thickness of sections of the article.

[0014] The present invention relates to a method for preferentially in-mold coating a molded article or substrate in at least one predetermined area based upon the thickness or depth of the article. A first composition is molded into an article or substrate in a mold, preferably by injection molding techniques known in the art. A second composition is applied to the substrate in-mold, wherein the second composition is directed to at least one predetermined area of the substrate based on the compressibility thereof.

[0015] Molded substrates often have complex designs or configurations and heretofore, it has been difficult or impossible to produce an in-mold coated article which has been properly or fully coated to desired specifications.

[0016] Advantageously, it has been found that the flow of in-mold coating over an article can be effectively controlled, whereby the coating can be channeled or routed so that the coating on the substrate surface conforms to design specifications. The in-mold coatings are preferably channeled by providing the substrate with areas of varying thickness or depth below the surface to be coated. It has been found that substrate areas of greater depth promote in-mold coating flow relative to less thick areas. The present invention also teaches a method for controlling the thickness of an in-mold coating on a substrate.

[0017] The present invention provides a method for producing molded articles with coatings in predetermined areas which are suitable for use as-is in an end use application or which require minimal or no surface post-treatment.

[0018] A further object of the present invention is to eliminate the need of applying additional paint or other surface treatment coatings to a surface of a pre-formed work piece.

[0019] Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a work piece having an appearance in-mold coating thereon, which has paint-like properties, such as high gloss, hardness, good adhesion and good weatherability.

[0020] A further object of the present invention is to provide a work piece having an in-mold coating thereon, which has good flow and coverage during molding, good adhesion, uniform color, durability, weather resistance, good surface qualities, and good paintability.

[0021] In one embodiment of the present invention, a molded article is provided with an area of increased relative thickness at the location of in-mold coating injection in order to encourage or promote in-mold coating flow.

[0022] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a molded article or substrate is provided with at least one runner section or preferred flow channel to promote in-mold coating flow over the surface of a substrate.

[0023] Still another embodiment of the present invention involves providing a molded article or substrate with an in-mold coating containment flange which acts as a barrier and prevents the in-mold coating from leaking or seeping out of the mold cavity. The in-mold coating containment flange extends substantially completely around the perimeter of a coated molded substrate surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The invention will be better understood and other features and advantages will become apparent by reading the detailed description of the invention, taken together with the drawings, wherein:

[0025]FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of a molding apparatus suitable for practicing the method of the present invention.

[0026]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view through a vertical elevation of a mold cavity.

[0027]FIG. 3 is a top view of a molded substrate prior to being coated with an in-mold coating. The substrate is shown having an area of increased thickness in order to promote and/or channel in-mold coating flow.

[0028]FIG. 4 is a front view of the substrate shown in FIG. 3.

[0029]FIG. 5 is a back view of the substrate shown in FIG. 3, wherein areas of varying depth are distinctly shown.

[0030]FIG. 6 is a side view of a molded door panel. The door panel is provided with areas of varying depth in order to channel in-mold coating flow over the surface so that the same is coated in desired areas in order to meet a predetermined standard.

[0031]FIG. 7 is the substrate of FIG. 4 having an in-mold coating on a show surface thereof.

[0032]FIG. 8 is the substrate of FIG. 4 having an in-mold coating located substantially only in a runner section of the show surface.

[0033]FIG. 9 is a front elevation view of a substantially flat molded plaque with a substantially flat show surface. The location of runner sections and thickness are shown for the benefit of the viewer.

[0034]FIG. 10 is a front view of a molded substrate with areas of varying thickness illustrated.

[0035]FIG. 11A is a front view of a molded substrate containing a readily compressible area at the location where an in-mold coating is to be injected onto the surface of the substrate.

[0036]FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional side view of FIG. 11B through lines 11B-11B and illustrates a compressible area below the point of in-mold coating injection.

[0037]FIG. 11C is a front view of the molded substrate of FIG. 11A wherein the substrate has been coated with an in-mold coating.

[0038]FIG. 12A is a front view of a molded substrate containing a readily compressible area at the location wherein an in-mold coating is to be injected onto the surface of the substrate.

[0039]FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional side view of the plaque shown in FIG. 12A while the molded substrate is still in a mold cavity and an in-mold coating has been applied to the show surface of the substrate.

[0040]FIG. 12C is the front view of the in-mold coated article shown in FIG. 12B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] The present invention relates to producing a molded article or substrate having a coating bonded thereto. The coating is present on the surface of the substrate in a predetermined area or areas. In-mold coating thickness can also be controlled by the method of the present invention.

[0042] The method of the present invention provides a process for controlling the flow of an in-mold coating so that it can be channeled or routed on a substrate to result in a coating having a uniform thickness or appearance on a large or complex shape. The in-mold coating can be channeled to coat an entire surface of a substrate or only selected areas thereof.

[0043] The method of the present invention can generally be practiced on any molding apparatus such as injection molders capable of producing a molded article or substrate of a first composition and then coating the article or substrate with a second composition, i.e. an in-mold coating.

[0044] Making reference now to the drawings wherein like numerals indicate like or corresponding parts throughout the several figures, a molding apparatus suitable for the practice of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1, and is generally designated 10.

[0045] Molding apparatus 10 includes a first mold half 20 which preferably remains in a stationary or fixed position relative to a second moveable mold half 30. FIG. 1 shows the mold halves in an open position. The first mold half and second mold half are adapted to slidingly mate, or nest, thereby forming a mold cavity 40 therebetween as shown in at least FIG. 2. The mold halves mate along surfaces 24 and 34 (FIG. 1) when the molding apparatus is in the closed position, forming a parting line 42 (FIG. 2) therebetween.

[0046] The moveable mold half 30 reciprocates generally along a horizontal axis relative to the first or fixed mold half 20 by action of a clamping mechanism 70 with a clamp actuator 72 such as through a hydraulic, mechanical, or electrical actuator as known in the art. The clamping pressure exerted by the clamping mechanism 70 should have an operating pressure in excess of the pressures generated or exerted by the first composition injector and the second composition injector. The pressure exerted by the clamping mechanism ranges generally from about 2,000 to about 15,000, desirably from about 4,000 to about 12,000, and preferably from about 6,000 to about 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) of mold surface.

[0047] In FIG. 2, the mold halves 20 and 30 are shown in a closed position, abutted or mated along parting line 42 at face surfaces 24 and 34. As illustrated, the mold cavity is shown in cross section. It is readily understood by those skilled in the art that the design of the cavity can vary greatly in size and shape according to the end product to be molded. The mold cavity generally has a first surface 44 on the first mold half, upon which a show surface of an article will be formed, and a corresponding back side or opposite second surface 46 on the second mold half. The mold cavity also contains separate orifices to allow the first and second composition injectors to inject their respective compositions thereinto. The location of the injectors and injection orifices thereof can vary from apparatus to apparatus, and part to part, and can be based on factors such as efficiency, functionality, or desire of the mold designer.

[0048] As shown in FIG. 1, the first composition injector 50 is a typical injection molding apparatus which is well know to those of ordinary skill in the art and is capable of injecting a thermoplastic or thermosetting composition, generally a resin or polymer, into the mold cavity. The first composition injector is shown in a “backed off” position, but it is readily understood that the same can be moved to a horizontal direction so that nozzle or resin outlet 58 mates with mold half 20 and can inject into mold cavity 40. For purposes of illustration only, the first composition injector in FIG. 1 is a reciprocating-screw machine wherein a first composition can be placed in hopper 52 and rotating screw 56 moves the composition through the heated extruder barrel 54, wherein the material is heated above its melting point. As the material collects in the end of the barrel, the screw acts as an injection ram and forces it through the nozzle 58 into the mold cavity 40. The nozzle generally has a non-return valve at the nozzle or screw tip to prevent the backflow of material into the screw.

[0049] The first composition injector is not meant to be limited to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 but can be any apparatus capable of injecting a thermoplastic composition into the mold cavity. Suitable injection molding machines are available from Cincinnati-Milacron, Battenfeld, Engel, Husky, Boy and others.

[0050] The present invention for selectively controlling the flow of in-mold coatings can be practiced on generally any thermoplastic substrates which can be injection molded. Suitable thermoplastic substrates, include but are not limited to polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polystyrene, polycarbonate, acrylic, acetal, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The foregoing list is not meant to be exhaustive but only illustrative of the various materials useful in the practice of the invention.

[0051] It has been found that a surface of the substrate can be selectively coated with in-mold coatings in predetermined areas by controlling or modifying the thickness or depth of the substrate. When utilized in the present invention, thickness or depth is defined as a distance, girth, or dimension from one surface to the opposite surface of the substrate. The method of the present invention is generally concerned with the depth between two surfaces, the first being a surface to which an in-mold mold coating is selectively directed or applied, commonly referred to as a show or appearance surface, and the back surface that is substantially the opposite side of the substrate. The in-mold coating may but does not necessarily cover the entire show surface. For example, in FIG. 3 thickness refers to the distance from show surface 82 of a substrate to the backside or opposite surface 84. As shown in FIG. 3, the thickness between the show surface and back side of the substrate can vary.

[0052] Each substrate of the present invention inherently has a compressibility factor or percentage, wherein at a given temperature each specific substrate is compressible to a certain calculable percentage. Therefore, even though a molded article or substrate has a single compressibility ratio, a first area of a substrate which is thicker relative to a second area of the substrate will be able to compress a greater thickness or distance than the second substrate. For example, substrate “A” has a compressibility ratio of 20 percent at a certain temperature. Therefore, a portion of substrate “A” which has a thickness of 2.0 cm can compress 0.4 cm, whereas a portion of the substrate which has a thickness of 1.0 cm can only compress 0.2 cm at the given temperature.

[0053] The above described substrate compressibility can be utilized to selectively coat predetermined areas of a substrate. Substrate compressibility and thickness differentials between various areas of a substrate can also be purposely created and utilized to effectively direct the flow of an in-mold coating into certain areas or pathways of a substrate.

[0054] In-mold coatings can be applied to a substrate in numerous ways well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The present invention is not meant to be limited to the following example. As shown in FIG. 2, an in-mold coating or second composition injector 60 has a nozzle 62 which is located on the molding apparatus in a suitable location such as on mold half 30. A first quantity of a first composition 80 is injected into a mold cavity to a desired predetermined level, forming a substrate, work piece, or article, such as plaque 100 shown in the views of FIGS. 3-5. As shown in FIG. 3, the substrate has at least a show surface 82 and a back side 84. An in-mold coating composition 90 is then injected into the mold cavity from in-mold coating injector 60. The in-mold coating is injected through at least one nozzle 62 onto the show surface side of the substrate at a location such as 104 on tab 102 as shown in FIG. 4.

[0055] It is important to note that the mold is not opened or unclamped before and/or during in-mold coating application, that is, the mold halves maintain a parting line and generally remain a substantially fixed distance from each other while both the first and second compositions are injected into the mold cavity as described herein.

[0056] The in-mold coating composition spreads out, disperses, or radiates from the point of injection 104 onto the show surface of the substrate. The point of injection of the in-mold coating onto the substrate will depend on the location of the in-mold coating injector and nozzle thereof in the molding apparatus. Accordingly, the point of injection of the in-mold coating can be located substantially anywhere on the substrate show surface and is not limited to the locations shown in the drawings of the present invention.

[0057] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for directing or channeling the flow of an in-mold coating on a substrate. Unexpectedly, it has been found that substrate compressibility can be utilized to direct in-mold coating flow for in-mold coating systems which are conducted “closed clamp”, wherein the mold halves remain abutted or closed at least during the time between injection of a first composition and an in-mold coating composition. That is, the parting line between the mold halves is not separated during the molding operation in which an in-mold coated substrate is produced. When mold halves 20, 30 are closed or joined, a mold cavity 40 is formed therebetween. The mold cavity has a configuration with a specific defined volume. A predetermined amount of a first composition which will produce a desired substrate is injected into the mold cavity. By the term predetermined, it is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that through the control of variables of the molding process, a calculated amount of material that will produce a desired substrate can be experimentally determined. After the first composition has been injected into the mold cavity and has cooled below the melt point or otherwise reached a temperature sufficient to accept or support an in-mold coating, a predetermined amount of in-mold coating is injected from injector unit 60 through at least one nozzle onto an injection point of the substrate, preferably on a show surface thereof. The coating is injected at a pressure that ranges generally from about 500 to about 5,000, desirably from about 1,000 to about 4,500, and preferably from about 2,000 to about 4,000 pounds per square inch (psi). The injection pressure promotes the spread of the in-mold coating away from the nozzle. The in-mold coating spreads from the nozzle between a mold surface and a surface of the substrate.

[0058] Unexpectedly, it has been found that by varying the thickness or depth of the resin of the substrate below the surface to be coated, the in-mold coating can be routed to preferred areas of the substrate, and contained therein, if desired. For example, if a mold cavity is designed so that a substrate has a constant thickness under an area to be in-mold coated, the in-mold coating will spread out from the location of injection in a substantially radial, even, or constant manner. Under the same relative conditions, if a substrate is formed having areas which vary in thickness under the surface area to be coated, the in-mold coating can be channeled to flow in area(s) of greater relative thickness. Thus, the depth of the coating can also vary on the coated surface. It has been demonstrated, as stated hereinabove, that the compressibility of the substrate allows a substrate area having a greater depth relative to a second area to compress more and better accommodate in-mold coating flow and promote migration thereof.

[0059] In one embodiment of the present invention, a substrate is provided with an area or section of increased thickness around the point or location where the in-mold coating is injected onto the substrate in order to promote in-mold coating flow. By increased thickness, it is to be understood that the thickness of the substrate around the in-mold coating injection location is greater than at least one other area or section of the substrate. As shown in FIG. 5, plaque 100 is shown with a tab area 110 at a location of in-mold coating injection. The tab area thickness can be varied to enhance, channeling of the in-mold coating. Tab section 104 in FIG. 4 includes a thin section or in-mold coating containment tab flange 102 which prevents the in-mold coating from flowing out of the mold cavity. The concept of the containment flange will be further explained hereinbelow. The relatively thick tab area promotes in-mold coating flow from the in-mold coating nozzle onto the show surface 80 of the substrate. The in-mold coating will tend to avoid tab or other substrate sections of minimal or lesser thickness.

[0060] The in-mold coating is injected into the mold cavity after the substrate has cooled from a molten state and achieved a desired modulus or rigidified sufficiently to be capable of accepting the coating on a surface thereof. When the coating is injected into the mold, the coating flows or spreads between the mold cavity surface and adjacent substrate surface at least by compressing the substrate utilizing compressibility of the substrate as defined hereinabove. In practice the in-mold coating can be injected substantially anywhere on the surface of the substrate, whether on the front (show) side or back side thereof. For example, the in-mold coating can be injected on a center portion of a substrate surface at 310 as shown in FIG. 11A, or a corner of a substrate surface at 410 as shown in FIG. 12A.

[0061] Typically, the in-mold coating will be injected at a location on a molded substrate which is inconspicuous or will not be visible when the article is used. Alternatively, the in-mold coating can be injected onto the substrate at a location which can later be removed or cut away from another portion of the substrate. For example, if desired, the in-mold coating injection area at tab 110 of FIGS. 4 and 5 can be cut away where it connects to the main portion of the molded substrate, leaving a substantially square in-mold coated article.

[0062] It has been found that in-mold coating flow can be promoted or enhanced by creating an area of increased relative thickness or a compressible zone on the substrate at the location of in-mold coating injection. FIGS. 11A through 11C illustrate a molded substrate 300 including a compression differential to promote in-mold coating flow on a substrate. FIG. 11A is a front view of substrate 300 wherein a containment flange 330 as described within the specification can be utilized to confine the in-mold coating to the show surface 302 of the substrate. In this embodiment, the in-mold coating is injected onto the injection inlet area 310 of the substrate in the mold cavity during a molding and in-mold coating cycle as described within the specification and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Area of substrate injection 312 is also illustrated in phantom as the substrate has been injected from the side opposite the show surface 304 to hide any flow lines or undesirable edges which may be present after a sprue is removed.

[0063] This area of increased thickness forms a “flow zone” which is selectively used to control the flow and thus the thickness and surface area of the coating. For example, for an area of increased relative thickness which has a corresponding increased area of compressibility, the flow zone promotes the flow of the coating from the flow zone to the contiguous surface of the substrate for the area adjacent the flow zone which has a relatively thinner cross section than the flow zone. This flow zone is also adjacent the injection site for the coating. The flow zone is distinct from other complex cross sections having increased thickness as may occur from reinforcing struts or similar structural details in so far as the flow zone is designed for selectively controlling the flow of the coating by providing a channel of increased (or decreased) compressibility. It should be understood however, that theses areas of increased (or decreased) thickness may also serve as flow zones. Likewise, the flow zone may comprise an area of decreased compressibility such as occurs for a thinner cross section area like a peripheral flange. In this case, the flow zone acts as containment zone for the coating. Further in this case, the flow zone does not need to be adjacent, and in fact probably will be remote rather than adjacent to the injection site.

[0064]FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional side view through 11B-11B of the molded substrate of FIG. 11A. The show surface 302 and back surface 304 have a variable distance or thickness therebetween. Sprue 314 is formed during the substrate injection molding step. The area behind in-mold coating injection inlet area 310 is provided with area 308 which has a greater thickness than substrate regions 306 in order to promote in-mold coating flow. Area 308 has a thicker section or greatest depth at its central portion where the in-mold coating is injected onto the show surface. The thickness of the substrate tapers down from the in-mold coating injection inlet area 310 and reaches a relatively constant depth in substrate section 306. The relative depth or thickness provided to area 308 provides a readily compressible area for the in-mold coating and promotes flow out to other desired areas of the show surface. As shown in FIG. 11C, the in-mold coating 320 completely covers substrate 300 show surface 302. Alternatively, if desired, the substrate can contain other compression differential zones such as a mold runner described herein and can be coated in preselected areas utilizing substrate compressibility.

[0065] FIGS. 12A-12C further illustrate the use of substrate compressibility to create a compression differential which promotes in-mold coating flow at an in-mold coating injection inlet area. FIG. 12A shows molded substrate 400 with show surface 402 and in-mold coating containment flange 430. The in-mold coating is to be injected at in-mold coating inlet area 410 during an in-mold coating process phase or step in a mold cavity. The substrate was injected into the mold cavity at a location behind area 412. FIG. 12B is a partial cross section of plaque 400 situated in a mold cavity 440 between mold halves 442 and 444. The molded substrate has been coated with in-mold coating 420 from in-mold coating injection device 422 through in-mold coating inlet channel 424 via a nozzle at in-mold coating inlet area 410. The mold parting line 460 is also illustrated. The in-mold coating is injected onto the substrate at area 408 which has an increased thickness when compared to the other portions of the substrate including area 406. The in-mold coating can more easily compress the substrate in area 408 as compared to area 406 due to the increased thickness thereof. FIG. 12C illustrates the front view of in-mold coated substrate 400 show surface 402 having in-mold coating 420 thereon.

[0066] The substrate has a thickness ratio at the location of in-mold coating injection (such as 310 in FIG. 11A) when compared to another portion of the substrate intended to be coated generally from about 1.10:1 or about 1.25:1 to about 10:1, desirably from about 1.25:1 to about 2:1, and preferably from about 1.3:1 to about 1.4:1 or about 1.5:1.

[0067] In order to promote smooth, even flow of the in-mold coating across the intended, preferably the show surface of the substrate, a smooth or substantially constant transition is made from the location of in-mold coating injection to the other substrate areas as shown in FIGS. 11B and 12B. The transition zone can also be considered a taper or ramp. Of course, as stated herein other features such as runner sections and coating containment flanges can also be incorporated into the substrate to control or promote in-mold coating flow.

[0068] In a further embodiment of the present invention, a substrate is provided with at least one “runner” section, preferential flow channel, or area to promote in-mold coating flow on a substrate. A runner section is an area which is relatively thicker than another area adjacent thereto, wherein the in-mold coating can be preferably routed to flow. Advantageously, runner sections can be provided on substrates of complex design or which were previously difficult to coat. A runner section generally is located in an area on the substrate beginning in the region of the point of injection of the in-mold coating and extending away therefrom to a predetermined point or terminus on the substrate. For example, FIG. 5 has a runner section 106 extending from and including the tab area to substantially the bottom end 107 of the plaque. FIG. 6 shows a door panel having three runner sections 120. By providing a substrate with at least one runner section, in-mold coatings can be effectively routed or channeled to cover desired areas of a substrate.

[0069] Depending on the amount of in-mold coating injected into the mold cavity, the show surface substrate having a runner section can be completely coated or coated only in certain areas or sections such as the runner areas. The amount of coating applied and thickness thereof can vary from part to part.

[0070] The depth of the runner section can vary depending on the substrate to be coated and design specifications. A substrate can have a runner section extending from an area of in-mold coating injection which is so relatively thick that all of the in-mold coating application to the substrate surface will substantially remain in the runner section. Therefore, as can be imagined, many unique effects can be created by utilizing runner sections. Frequently, it is desirable to completely coat the show surface with an in-mold coating. It is often difficult to coat a substrate having a complex or detailed shape. Runner sections can be used to effectively in-mold coat these substrates by channeling in-mold coating to the previously hard to coat areas. For example, a runner section can be utilized to channel a coating to a distal part of a substrate surface. The runner section thickness can be gradually decreased such as in a direction away from the point of injection as needed, or even separated or divided into more than one runner section to accomplish a desired effect or coating.

[0071] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a molded substrate or article is provided with an in-mold coating containment flange 130. As shown in at least FIG. 4, coating containment flange preferably extends completely around the perimeter of a substrate, specifically plaque 100. Often, it is desirable to substantially coat the show surface of a substrate with an in-mold coating. The containment flange 130 acts a barrier and prevents the in-mold coating from leaking or seeping out of the mold cavity and potentially blowing out of the parting line between the mold halves.

[0072] As shown in at least FIG. 3, flange 130 is generally offset or formed in a plane below the plane of the show surface 82. Thus, the show surface has an edge or border 83 which transitions into flange 130. Show surface edge 83 drops off into a wall at an angle of about 90° relative to the show surface. Substrate wall 86 terminates at flange portion 130, wherein flange portion extends at an angle of about 90° in relation to wall 86. It is believed that the relatively sharp angles between show surface and flange 130 as well as the relative incompressibility of the thin flange act as a substantial barrier to coating flow, and thus prevent the coating from leaving the show surface. The flange generally has a thickness less than the thinnest portion or area of the substrate. As shown in FIG. 3, containment flange 130 is thinner than section 112, the relatively thinnest section of the substrate. The in-mold coating containment flange, encompasses substantially the entire perimeter of a substrate surface that will be or is coated. The flange has a width of at least generally about 0.225 to about 0.176, desirably about 0.175 to about 0.076, and preferably about 0.075 to about 0.045 inches. As stated above, the main purpose of the flange is to prevent the in-mold coating from leaving the target surface of the substrate and stopping the coating from giving entrance to the mold parting line.

[0073] As shown in FIG. 7, the in-mold coating 90 covers the entire show surface of the molded substrate. Due to the configuration of the molded substrate as well as other molding variables, the coating 90 does not cover or coat the containment flange 130. However, it is permissible for the in-mold coating to coat or partially coat the containment flange. Due to the design of the containment flange, generally less than about 10%, desirably less than 5%, and preferably less than 1% by weight of the in-mold coating covers or coats the containment flange. The containment flange is free of any other substrate material on the distal edge thereof. That is, there is no other substrate material or outer edge between the containment flange and the mold cavity parting line.

[0074] The process of the present invention utilizes in-mold coatings, many of which are available commercially. Such coatings include GenGlaze® and Stylecoat®, acrylic based appearance in-mold coatings available from Omnova Solutions Inc. of Fairlawn, Ohio, as well as others. These and other coatings are well known to the art. In-mold coating injection devices are available commercially from EMC² of Sterling Hills, Mich., and Morrell of Auburn Hills, Mich.

[0075] The in-mold coating can be injected onto the substrate as known in the art. A predetermined amount of in-mold coating is utilized to coat the molded substrate as desired. Injection systems for in-mold coating materials are well known in the art and need not be described in detail herein. The following description of such a system is provided herein to facilitate a better understanding of the present invention. The in-mold coating apparatus 422 comprises an in-mold coating injector having a shut off pin which supplies a metered amount of a coating material. A supply pump is generally utilized to supply the in-mold coating material into a metering cylinder from a storage vessel or the like. The in-mold coating is injected from the metering cylinder into the mold cavity through in-mold coating injection inlet with a pressurizing device utilizing hydraulic, mechanical, or other pressure. When the in-mold coating apparatus is activated during an injection mode, the coating material flows through the in-mold coating injection inlet and into the mold cavity between an inner wall of mold half 442 and a surface of the molded substrate. Once a predetermined amount of in-mold coating has been injected into the mold cavity, the in-mold coating apparatus 422 is deactivated thus causing the flow of coating to cease. The in-mold coating subsequently cures in the mold cavity and adheres to the substrate surface to which the same was applied. As known in the art, the curing can be caused by the residual heat of the substrate or mold halves, or by reaction between the components of the in-mold coating. The in-mold coating is injected into the mold cavity at a pressure ranging generally from about 500 to about 5000 psi, desirably from about 1500 to about 4500 psi, and preferably from about 2000 to about 4000 psi.

[0076] Suitable in-mold coatings are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,053, herein incorporated by reference. The main advantage of acrylic coatings is the high degree of resistance to thermal and photoxidation and to hydrolysis, giving coatings that have superior color retention, resistance to embrittlement and exterior durability. Low-molecular weight acrylic resins having an average functionality of two to three and containing few molecules that are nonfunctional or only monofunctional, are useful in the present invention. A preferred acrylic resin is an epoxy-based oligomer having at least two acrylate groups and at least one copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and at least one copolymerizable monoethylenically unsaturated compounds having a —CO—, group and a —NH₂—, NH, and or —OH— group.

[0077] The present invention also contemplates the use of other resin coatings, such as alkyds, polyesters, urethane systems, amino resins, phenolic resins, epoxy, and silicone resins. See e.g., Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 6 (4^(th) ed. 1993) at pp. 676-690.

[0078] In-mold coatings comprising five components, namely

[0079] 1) a saturated aliphatic polyester intermediate urethane

[0080] 2) an aliphatic polyether

[0081] 3) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic portion (meth)acrylate

[0082] 4) hydroxy alkyl (meth)acrylates

[0083] 5) vinyl substituted aromatics

[0084] have been found to have particular utility in the practice of this invention. In-mold coating compositions are prepared as follows. The polyester urethane acrylate is mixed with the vinyl substituted aromatic monomers such as styrene, the saturated aliphatic or cycloaliphatic (meth) acrylates such as isobornyl acrylate, and the hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, such as hydroxypropyl methacrylate. After these compounds are mixed, fillers and additives, such as cure inhibitors, light stabilizers, lubricants, etc., are added and mixed. The free radical generating initiator is added last. The polyacrylate ester of a polyol can be present in the polyester urethane acrylate from the supplier. This in-mold coating composition is clear after curing.

[0085] Any of the coatings contemplated for use in the present invention can be colored by utilizing a pigment, a colorant, etc., in a desired or effective amount to yield a desired color, tint, hue, or opacity. Pigments, pigment dispersions, colorants, etc. are well known to the art and include, for example, graphite, titanium dioxide, carbon black, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine red, chromium and ferric oxides, aluminum or other metal flake, and the like.

[0086] When an in-mold coating having a specific color is desired, one or more pigments, colorants, etc., can be utilized in suitable amounts. As known to the art, often times various pigments or colorants are added with a carrier, for example, a polyester, so that they can be easily blended. Any suitable mixing vessel can be utilized, and the various components and additives mixed until the compounds are blended. Even if pigments are not contained in the blend, the mixture at this point is not clear.

[0087] All of the above-described in-mold coating compositions that may be utilized in the present invention may contain other additives and fillers, etc., in amounts known to the art. For example, various cure inhibitors such as benzoquinone, hydroquinone, methoxyhydroquinone, p-t-butylcatechol, and the like, can also be utilized. Other additives may include an accelerator, such as cobalt octoate. Other classes of accelerators include zinc, or other metal carboxylates. Various light stabilizers can also be utilized such as, for example, the various hindered amines (HALS), substituted benzophenones, and substituted benztriazoles, and the like. Lubricants and mold release agents are generally utilized with specific examples including various metal stearates, such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate or phosphonic acid esters. Reinforcing fillers, such as talc, can be utilized. Other additives include hardeners, thixotropes, such as silica, and adhesion agents, such as polyvinyl acetate.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0088] A mold used to produce the plaque 200 shown in FIG. 9 was made. The mold cavity width is 12.0 inches. The mold cavity length is 20.5 inches. The mold has a hydraulic mold gate located in the center of the cavity for injection of a substrate. The mold has a tapered tab for the introduction of the IMC onto the part surface. The tab is located at the edge portion of the mold. The tab and Section A have thicknesses of 120 mils. Section B is 100 mils thick. Section C is 080 mils thick. Section D is 060 mils thick. As shown in FIG. 9, the plaque has four panels in a horizontal plane on the left side of the part and four panels in a vertical plane on the right side of the part. The panels on the horizontal plane on the right side of the part measure 6.0 inches long and 5.125 wide. The panels on the vertical plane measure 1.50 inches wide and 20.5 inches long. The plaque does not have an in-mold coating containment flange. The mold was placed in an 850 ton Cincinnati Milacron Vista injection molding machine. ABS resin heated to a temperature of 480° F. was injected into the mold cavity thus producing the part shown in FIG. 9 having sections with the above-described dimensions. FIG. 9 is a front view of the plaque. As stated above, the various sections A-D represent varying thicknesses of the plaque in the defined areas. The front of the plaque shown in FIG. 9 is a smooth surface and thus, the backside of the plaque shows the various thickness contour variations. After a hold time of approximately 120 seconds, an in-mold coating, Stylecoat® was injected through the tab portion of the plaque onto the front surface of the plaque. The chart below details how the in-mold coating flowed onto the different sections of the plaque. Section D Section A Section B Section C % Amount of % of Full % % % % Fill/ IMC IMC Shot Fill/mils* Fill/mils* Fill/mils* mils* .32 cubic 25 75/1 15/.5 0/0 0/0 inches .64 cubic 50 98/3 85/1.6 10/.6 0/0 inches

[0089] It was determined from the part surface area to be coated, and the desired coating thickness, that an in-mold coating amount of 1.2 cubic inches would produce a full in-mold coating shot and cover the entire plaque. As can be seen from the chart, upon in-mold coating injection onto the plaque surface, the top left panel and the inside vertical panel (runner section A) were preferentially coated when 25% of a full shot was utilized. Thus, this example shows that Section A is an effective runner section whereby the coating prefers to flow down the plaque along Section A and out to the side thereof before flowing into thinner sections B, C, and D. When 50% of a full in-mold coating shot was utilized, the in-mold coating began to flow from Section A and B into Section C. It is important to note that the plaque shown in FIG. 9 does not contain an in-mold coating containment flange. When coating levels above 50% of a full shot were utilized, the same leaked or seeped out of the mold cavity through the parting line. Thus, the need is clearly shown for an in-mold coating containment flange in order to keep the in-mold coating on the desired substrate surface. It has further been shown by the example that preferential coating of preferred or runner sections of a plaque can be obtained by utilizing the thickness of the wallstock to guide the in-mold coating across the part surface.

Example 2

[0090]FIG. 10 shows a thermoplastic article with a variety of substrate (thermoplastic) thicknesses. It was shown through experimentation that in-mold coating flow is influenced by the substrate thickness. The example parts were generated using a 50-ton injection molding machine, a 6-inch square steel mold cavity fitted with an IMC injection nozzle. The substrate material was a PET thermoplastic and the in-mold coating was OMNOVA's Stylecoat® IMC. The mold temperature was 250° F. with a 30 second delay time prior to IMC injection.

[0091] In FIG. 10, sections E, F, and G are representations of varying part thickness as shown by the chart below. Section H represents the in-mold coating tab design utilizing a thicker middle section which facilitates an in-mold coating flow channel at the in-mold coating nozzle tip site. Section I represents the thin sectioned containment flange.

[0092] The overall objective in designing a mold with thin and thick sections is to preferential channel the in-mold coating flow path in a desirable fashion. This can be manifested in several ways which include:

[0093] 1. A channeling of the in-mold coating flow at the in-mold coating tab site (Section H) which preferentially deposits the in-mold coating inside the mold parting line onto the surface of the part.

[0094] 2. A channeling of the in-mold coating flow in the part to more critical areas to fill since selective in-mold coating may be necessary in certain article designs (Sections E, F, and G).

[0095] 3. A restriction of in-mold coating flow along the periphery of the mold to contain the in-mold coating on the surface of the part and within the parting line (Section I).

[0096] The observed in-mold coating coverage for the 6×6 mold is as follows: % of full Section E Section F Section G Section H Section I IMC Shot % Fill/mils* % Fill/mils* % Fill/mils* % Fill/mils* % Fill/mils* 50 100/3 80/2 20/1 100/2 0/0 80 100/4 100/3 40/2 100/3 0/0 100 100/4 100/3 100/3 100/4 0/0

[0097] In the example(s) we have shown that this preferential flow mechanism has advantages which include:

[0098] 1. Preferential IMC flow and deposition to selected regions on a part as a result of varying thickness.

[0099] 2. Achieving the containment of IMC on the part surface within the parting line resulting from a designed thin sectioned, IMC flow restricting, “containment flange.”

[0100] While in accordance with the patent statutes, the best mode and preferred embodiment have been set forth, the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, but rather by the scope of the attached claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An in-mold coated substrate comprising: the substrate, said substrate being a thermoplastic and having a show surface, a back surface opposite said show surface and a thickness therebetween, said substrate having an in-mold coating injection inlet area on said show surface where said in-mold coating has been injected onto said substrate, said in-mold coating covering at least a portion of said show surface extending from said inlet area, said inlet area having a greater thickness than at a second area of said substrate to promote said in-mold coating flow onto said show surface.
 2. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said substrate thickness tapers down from said thick inlet area at a substantially constant rate to said second area.
 3. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said substrate thickness tapers down from said thick inlet area at a substantially nonconstant rate to said second area.
 4. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said substrate has a thickness ratio at said inlet area to said second area of about 1.10:1 to about 10:1.
 5. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said substrate includes an in-mold coating containment flange extending substantially around the perimeter of said show surface.
 6. A substrate according to claim 5, wherein said flange has a thickness less than a thickness between said show surface and said second surface.
 7. A substrate according to claim 6, wherein said flange has a sufficiently minimal thickness in a plane offset from the show surface, so that said in-mold coating is substantially prevented from coating said flange.
 8. A substrate according to claim 7, wherein said show surface is substantially covered with said in-mold coating, and wherein said flange is substantially free of said in-mold coating.
 9. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said substrate includes at least one runner section entering from said inlet area to a terminus to promote flow of said in-mold coating to said coated portion.
 10. A substrate according to claim 4, wherein said substrate has a thickness ratio at said inlet area to said second area of about 1.3:1 to about 1.5:1.
 11. A substrate according to claim 1, wherein said in-mold coating is a thermosetting acrylic composition.
 12. A method for promoting preferential flow of an in-mold coating on a substrate comprising the steps of: forming a substrate having a show surface, a back surface, and a thickness therebetween, said substrate having an area of increased dimensional thickness at an in-mold coating injection area relative to at least one second adjacent area to promote in-mold coating flow; and injecting an in-mold coating on said injection area of said substrate show surface.
 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate is a thermoplastic and is formed by injection molding.
 14. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate thickness tapers down from said thick inlet area at a substantially constant rate to said second area.
 15. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate thickness tapers down from said thick inlet area at a substantially nonconstant rate to said second area.
 16. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate has a thickness ratio at said inlet area to said second area of about 1.10:1 to about 10:1.
 17. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate includes an in-mold coating containment flange extending substantially around the perimeter of said show surface.
 18. A method according to claim 17, wherein said flange has a thickness less than a thickness between said show surface and said back surface.
 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said flange has a sufficiently minimal thickness in a plane offset from the show-surface so that said in-mold coating is substantially prevented from coating said flange.
 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein said show surface is substantially covered with said in-mold coating, and wherein said flange is substantially free of said in-mold coating.
 21. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate includes at least one runner section entering from said inlet area to a terminus to promote flow of said in-mold coating to said coated portion.
 22. A method according to claim 12, wherein said substrate has a thickness ratio at said inlet area to said second area of about 1.3:1 to about 1.5:1.
 23. A method according to claim 12, wherein said in-mold coating is a thermosetting acrylic composition.
 24. A molding apparatus, comprising: a first mold half; and a second mold half, wherein said mold halves form a mold cavity therebetween when in a closed position, wherein said mold cavity has an in-mold coating inlet in one of said mold halves, wherein said mold cavity has an area of increased dimensional thickness at said in-mold coating inlet between said mold halves relative to at least one adjacent area to promote in-mold coating flow.
 25. A molding apparatus according to claim 24, wherein said mold cavity area of increased thickness tapers down to said adjacent area at a substantially constant rate.
 26. A molding apparatus according to claim 24, wherein said mold cavity area of increased thickness tapers down to said adjacent area at a substantially nonconstant rate.
 27. A molding apparatus according to claim 24, wherein said mold cavity has a thickness at said inlet area when compared to said adjacent area of about 1.10:1 to about 10:1.
 28. An article comprising a molded substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface; and a coating wherein the substrate is molded from a thermoplastic composition and said coating is injected at an injection site onto the substrate in a closed mold so as to cover at least a portion of the first surface of the substrate and the substrate having a flow zone adjacent the injection site such that the distance between the first surface and the second surface is increased in the flow zone to increase the compressibility of the substrate in the flow zone during the injection of the coating.
 29. An article as set forth in claim 28 wherein the coating is a thermoset composition.
 30. An article as set forth in claim 28 wherein the coating has a first surface and second surface which is adhered directly to the first surface of the substrate, and the distance between the first coating surface and the second coating surface is increased for at least a portion of the flow zone.
 31. An article as set forth in claim 28 wherein the substrate further includes a containment zone which acts as a barrier to the flow of the coating.
 32. An article as set forth in claim 29 wherein the containment zone has a decreased distance between the substrate first surface and the substrate second surface.
 33. An article as set forth in claim 32 wherein the containment zone forms a peripheral portion of said substrate.
 34. An article as set forth in claim 33 wherein the containment zone is a flange.
 35. A laminar product comprising a thermoplastic substrate formed by injection molding in a mold, and said substrate having at least a first area of first thickness between a first surface and its opposing surface and an adjacent second area of second thickness between said first surface and its opposing surface, said first area having a greater thickness than said second area to form a flow zone, and said substrate having a coating injected into said mold to coat at least a portion of the first surface of the substrate, said portion including said flow zone.
 36. A method of coating a substrate in a closed mold comprising the steps of forming a substrate by injecting a shot volume of a first composition into a mold with a cavity having a mold volume wherein the shot volume is less than the mold volume and said first composition is a thermoplastic composition; forming a coating on said substrate by injecting a shot of a second composition into said mold without opening the cavity and utilizing a flow zone wherein the substrate has an area of controlled compressibility at said flow zone to control the flow of the coating on said substrate.
 37. A method as set forth in claim 36 wherein the flow zone has an increased area of compressibility to promote flow of the coating.
 38. A method as set forth in claim 37 wherein the flow zone has a decreased area of compressibility to prohibit flow of the coating.
 39. A method as set forth in claim 37 wherein the increase in compressibility of the flow zone is a result of an increase in the thickness of the substrate for the flow zone.
 40. A method as set forth in claim 38 wherein the decrease in compressibility in the flow zone is a result of a decrease in the thickness of the substrate for the flow zone. 